Retrieve Conditional Formatting Color with an Excel Function
Retrieving the color of a conditional formatting using a function in an Excel sheet is not possible in principle, but there is a workaround...
The function detailed here will allow you to retrieve the color of a cell using a simple formula =COLOR(A1)
.
The COLOR Function
To use the COLOR function in a sheet, simply copy and paste this code into a module:
Function COLOR(cell As Range)
'Source: https://www.excel-pratique.com/en/vba_tricks/conditional-formatting-color-excel
Application.Volatile
COLOR = Evaluate("cellColor('" & cell.Worksheet.Name & "'!" & cell.Address & ")")
End Function
Private Function cellColor(cell As Range)
cellColor = cell.DisplayFormat.Interior.Color
End Function

Another version is also available:
Function COLOR(cell As Range)
'Source: https://www.excel-pratique.com/en/vba_tricks/conditional-formatting-color-excel
Application.Volatile
COLOR = Evaluate("cellColor(""" & cell.Address & """,""" & cell.Worksheet.Name & """)")
End Function
Private Function cellColor(cell As String, sheet As String)
cellColor = Sheets(sheet).Range(cell).DisplayFormat.Interior.Color
End Function
If needed, you can download the Excel file used here: conditional-formatting-color-excel-function.xlsm